Liturgy
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Like all other books, Jewish prayerbooks were distributed for centuries in manuscript form, until printed editions in the incunable period gradually replaced manuscript copies. Intellectual interest in Jewish liturgy was such that a commentary on the prayerbook was one of the first books published in Portugal in the 15th century. Prayerbooks according to different rites, e.g. Ashkenazic or Sephardic, and for special rituals, such as the "Grace after Meals", often reflected the heterogeneous character of Jewish communities in various lands. (The Karaites, a heterodox Jewish sect, published their own liturgies, largely based on biblical texts.) Although most prayerbooks were issued in Hebrew, the traditional language of Jewish prayer, some were issued in or with translations into other Jewish languages, such as Yiddish. As of the 19th century, translations into modern European languages made their appearance in Western Europe and North America, often together with newly revised Hebrew texts.
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- 92.
- David b. Joseph Abudarham, of Seville,
- fl. 14th cent.
- [ Perush ha-Berakhot ve-ha-Tefilot ]
- Lisbon: Eliezer Toledano, 25 November
- 1489.
Written in 1340, Abudarham's commentary on the complete synagogue liturgy, including the rules of intercalation, was the second ever printed in Lisbon.
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91KB
69KB
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- 93.
- Liturgy and Ritual. New Year
- [ Sidur Siftei Tsadikim ]
- The Form of Prayers According to the
- Custom of the Spanish and Portuguese
- Jews
- Philadelphia: Sherman & Co., 1878.
Based on the versions of the Sephardic liturgy by David Aaron de Sola and Isaac Leeser, this bilingual prayerbook was revised and edited by Abraham de Sola, Minister of the Portuguese Congregation, Montreal, and Professor of Hebrew and oriental languages at McGill University.
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87KB
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- 94.
- Liturgy and Ritual. Festival Prayers
- [ Mahzor mi-kol ha-shanah ]
- Pesaro?: Gershom Soncino, 1520?
- (1515?)
The Pesaro Mahzor (festival liturgy) was the first edition according to the German rite. Many passages - such as one describing the death of Jewish martyrs - were "revised" (i.e. blackened) by the ecclesiastical censor, whose ink is now fading after 450 years.
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59KB
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- 95.
- Liturgy and Ritual. Benedictions
- and Occasional Prayers
- [ Birkat ha-Mazon ]
- Amsterdam: Uri Fayvish b. Aaron
- ha-Levi, 1686.
Uri Fayvish (Phoebus) was a leading Hebrew printer in his native city, and later brought Amsterdam type to Poland. This "Grace after Meals" with Yiddish translation, containing also table hymns and the Passover Haggadah, is the only complete copy in existence.
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- 96.
- Liturgy and Ritual. Karaite Rite
- [ Seder ha-Tefilot le-minhag kehilot ha-Karaim ]
- Chufut-Kale (Crimea): Afdah and
- Shabbetai Yeraka, 1737.
Due to their conservatism, printing was first carried out by Karaites in the 18th century, almost entirely in the ancient Crimean town known as "Jews' Castle." This is the first prayerbook - and the first major work - issued at the press founded by the Yeraka brothers of Constantinople, the first Karaite printers.
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